Health Systems and Policy

Health policy can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society".

In response to the dire need for affordable health care, the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) was brought to life in China in 2003.

Primary care has just recently become an official health policy priority with the introduction of a family medicine scheme.

Mutuelles de santé ( Mutuelles ) is a community-based health insurance program established by the Government of Rwanda (GoR) as a key component of the national health strategy on providing universal health care and reaching the health Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 12th April 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population, especially the vulnerable groups.

This success is due in part to the close collaboration between the godmothers and the health care system. "If a patient does not come for her appointment, we call the Bajenu Gox and she pays her a visit.

The re-engineering of primary health care aims to support a preventive and health-promoting community-based PHC model using ward-based outreach teams [ 4 ].

cadre, firmly established in the Zambia health system and recognized for their wide-ranging benefits to PHC.

Although Rwanda’s Community Health Policy and Strategy states that CHWs should be appropriately trained in a standardized fashion, neither initial nor refresher trainings of either CHW cadre are standardized, and both are highly susceptible to change in duration and content based on available funding.

Through this new, integrated program, Liberia has the opportunity to transform the health system to advance access to care and better adapt to future epidemics.

CHPS delivers community level health promotion, prevention and primary clinical care in Ghana's multi-tiered primary health care system, to provide the appropriate health services to communities, whilst supported by a system of referrals to higher levels of care when needed ( 5 ).

Following other LAC countries such as Colombia and Mexico [ 5 ], Peru implemented the “ Seguro Integral de Salud/SIS” (translated as “Integrated Health Insurance”) in 2002 as a government-subsidized health insurance scheme aimed at providing coverage to uninsured citizens.

Its first National Community Health Worker (CHW) Policy was launched in 2012, providing an umbrella under which some of these previously established programs moved toward harmonization.

- El Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS) fue creado por la Ley 18.211 (diciembre de 2007) e integra prestadores públicos y privados.

in Morocco, Compulsory Medical Insurance (CMI) entered into force in 2005.

The VHTs Program was established in 2001 as a cost-effective way to link communities with health services.

An Act Instituting Universal Health Care for All Filipinos, Prescribing Reforms in the Health Care System, and Appropriating Funds Therefor

Mozambique's cadre of CHWs, called Agentes Polivalentes Elementares (APEs), was established in 1978.

the financial entity entrusted to collect, manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile

It was established in 2020 and replaced Seguro Popular, the previous health insurance scheme which had been created in 2003. The director of INSABI was Juan Antonio Ferrer Aguilar.

Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI)

Malawi is one of only a few countries that relies on CHWs-called Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs) in Malawi-to administer routine immunizations, and as such offers a unique example of how this can be done.

The goal of the ministry is to develop the health sector to improve the health of the people of Afghanistan, especially women and children, through implementing the basic package of health services (BPHS) and the essential package of hospital services (EPHS) as the standard, agreed-upon minimum of health care to be provided at each level of the health system.

spearheading the creation of the British National Health Service

Switzerland has universal health care, regulated by the Swiss Federal Law on Health Insurance.

The Italian healthcare system is one of universal healthcare largely financed by government through a Beveridge model.

It is the legal basis that allowed the development of the current system of social health coverage in Colombia.

The Tanzanian government is committed to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) by ensuring that everybody has access to quality healthcare services and is protected against the financial risk that could arise as a result of paying for health care services.

Universal Health Coverage Day is celebrated annually on December 12 and is promoted by the World Health Organization.

UHC2030, formerly known as the International Health Partnership (IHP+), is a global platform which aims to promote universal health coverage (UHC).

Auxiliary nurse midwife or nurse hybrids commonly known as ANM, is a village-level female health worker in India who is known as the first contact person between the community and the official health services.

Medicare is the publicly-funded universal health insurance scheme in Australia.

Medicare (French: assurance-maladie) is an unofficial designation used to refer to the publicly funded single-payer healthcare system of Canada.

Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is a national public health insurance scheme of the Government of India that aims to provide free access to health insurance coverage for low income earners in the country.

The idea behind the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) was to connect marginalized communities to the public health care system.

A Barangay Health Worker (BHW), also known as a Barangay Health Volunteer, is a health care providers in the Philippines.

A Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) is a community-based health care organization that provides comprehensive primary care and support services to underserved populations in the United States.

The Bamako Initiative was a formal statement adopted by African health ministers in 1987 in Bamako, Mali, to implement strategies designed to increase the availability of essential drugs and other healthcare services for Sub-Saharan Africans.

The programme marked Pakistan’s first federal-level social health insurance intervention and laid the foundation for the current Sehat Sahulat Programme and Federal Sehat Sahulat Programme.

The National Primary Health Care Development Agency otherwise known as NPHCDA is a Federal Government of Nigeria agency established to improve access to quality primary healthcare services, enhance immunization coverage, and promote sustainable health initiatives for communities across the nation.

The Social Health Authority (SHA) is a State Corporation of the Government of Kenya that is responsible for the provision and management of public health insurance within the Republic of Kenya.

SEWA Rural also works in as many as 600 villages with the state government in healthcare and community health services, carrying out research and providing vocational training to the local residents, especially members of the tribal community.

Mali Health, established in 2006, is a non-governmental organization with 501(c)(3) status that works to enable communities in Mali, Africa to design, build and implement their own health care systems through: Fostering the agency of residents to address community health needs Promoting health education, prevention, and early care-seeking Enhancing financial, geographic, and cultural access to quality health care for poor families

According to the organization's 2021-2026 Strategic Plan, since 2007, Living Goods has been working to close the gap between the potential of community health workers (CHWs) to improve and save lives and the challenges they regularly face, including insufficient training, supervision, and access to medicines; reliance on antiquated and inefficient paper-based tools; and systems that treat them as unpaid volunteers, rather than as trusted members of a health care delivery system.

The Comprehensive Medical Attention Program (Spanish: Programa de Atención Médica Integral, mostly known for its acronym PAMI) is a public health insurance government agency in Argentina managed by the country's Ministry of Health.

The launch of the Kenya Community Health Strategy 2020-2025 is a key step in getting us to where we want to be regarding community healthcare.

Community health services in Indonesia were organized in a three-tier system with Puskesmas at the top.

The National Fund for Health Insurance (Caisse nationale de l’assurance maladie (in French)) is the French National health insurance fund.

In 2003, Caracas's pro-Chávez mayor proposed the Barrio Adentro program to bring free local health care to poor areas in Libertador.

The Unified Health System (Portuguese: Sistema Único de Saúde, Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [sisˈtemɐ ˈuniku dʒi saˈudʒi]), better known by its acronym SUS (pronounced [sus]), is the publicly funded health care system of Brazil.

A summary of the new Act shows that the NHIA has been outfitted with a wide range of expanded functions that empower the Authority to serve as regulator, implementer, investor and insurer of health insurance practices and schemes in Nigeria.

National Health Insurance Act, 2023 (Act No. 20 of 2023) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa, which establishes a South African national health insurance system, commonly referred to as NHI, with the aim of "pooling public revenue in order to actively and strategically purchase health care services" and creating a "single framework throughout the Republic for the public funding and public purchasing of health care services, medicines, health goods and health related products".

Partners in Health provides healthcare in the poorest areas of developing countries.

IntraHealth focuses on: Developing sustainable human resources for health Strengthening and supporting primary health care providers Preventing and treating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria Improving maternal, neonatal and children's health Increasing access to family planning

Towards a Solution Community Clinic (CC) is the innovation of Bangladesh Government to extend Primary Health Care to the doorsteps of rural people all over rural Bangladesh.

The Ministry of Health has revealed that a set of guidelines to streamline the operations and management of Village Health Teams (VHTs) and Community Health Workers (CHWs) is in the pipeline.

La couverture CNAM a trois options : la filière publique (54 % des assurés sociaux de la CNAM en 2015), la filière privée (18,5 % des assurés en 2015) et le système de remboursement de frais (21 % des assurés en 2015) (10).

La Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social es hoy una institución sagrada, en la estructura del Estado costarricense, que hay que defenderla de las amenazas que constantemente la asedian, desde adentro y desde afuera, por debilitarla y por reducirle su papel estratégico en la atención de la salud de todos los costarricenses.

Under this approach, commune health stations are managing up to 80% of people with mild or moderate NCDs, with nationally standardized protocols and tools that most commune health stations can now use.

The development of the Community Health Workers (CHWs) policy is therefore very timely and represents a significant milestone in our efforts to improve the health status of our women and children especially at grass root level.

Health insurance or medical insurance (also known as medical aid in South Africa) is a type of insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses.

Avant 2021, seuls 40% des citoyens bénéficiaient d’une couverture santé, a rappelé Boubrik, faisant savoir que la couverture s’étend aujourd’hui à l’ensemble de la population, y compris les catégories jusqu’alors exclues telles que les travailleurs non-salariés, les bénéficiaires de l’AMO TADAMON (ex-RAMED) et les assurés de l’AMO Achamil.

The National Health Insurance Law established a “Health Services Basket,” which the health funds are required to provide to every insured person under the national health insurance system.

Los seguros públicos del Perú son el SIS, EsSalud, los Seguros de las Fuerzas Armadas y el Seguro de Salud de la Policía.

Costa Rica provides universal health care to its citizens and permanent residents.

The law creates a purchaser-provider split system with three new regulatory authorities: the Universal Health Insurance Authority, Egypt Healthcare Authority, and Healthcare Accreditation Authority.

In a longer-term perspective, SSK is to become a national health insurance scheme with mandatory membership for all citizens.