Health and Wellness Atlas

How The Body Thrives
Sign In
Text size
100%
Theme
Branch

Hygiene and Sanitation

Also Known As Hygiene
Population Health Field
Soap Bar with Water Drops

The history and practice of clean water, waste disposal and personal cleanliness as disease prevention, among the oldest and most consequential branches of public health practice, credited with mortality reductions that predate germ theory's own confirmation.

Facts
Central Question
How does keeping water, waste and the human body clean prevent disease, and what infrastructure does that cleanliness require at population scale. 1
Key Debate
Community-Led Total Sanitation, the field's own leading approach to ending open defecation without hardware subsidies, was originally built to work by provoking shame and disgust about open defecation, and even as its own practitioners have shifted the emphasis toward self-respect and pride, documented bad-practice cases including fines, public taunting, the posting of humiliating pictures and even violence have drawn direct criticism from human rights figures such as former United Nations Special Rapporteur Catarina de Albuquerque, leaving the field with a live dispute over whether a genuinely participatory method can be separated from the coercion it was built to avoid. 2
Key Debate
Historians of public health debate how much of the nineteenth century mortality decline in industrializing cities should be credited to sanitation reform specifically, as against rising living standards more broadly, a debate carried honestly rather than settled by this atlas. 1
Hygiene and Sanitation
Filter Results2 entries
Connections

Associated With

Source Charity: Water, Wikipedia
Source Ecological Sanitation Research Programme (Wikipedia)

Access to adequate water, sanitation and hygiene is named among the environmental conditions good health depends on.

Source World Health Organization Official Site
Source World Bank: Strengthening Sustainable WASH Access and Resilience in Ethiopia
Source Wikipedia: Global Handwashing Day
Source Wikipedia: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
Source Water and Sanitation Program, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Community-led Total Sanitation
Source water.go.ke: Kenya Water Sanitation and Hygiene Program (K-WASH)
Source Wikipedia: Lifewater International
Source MCD Leading UNICEF Project to Achieve Universal Access to WASH in Madagascar
Max von Pettenkofer, Figures

Max von Pettenkofer founded the first institute of experimental hygiene in Munich in 1865.

Source Menstrual Hygiene Day - Wikipedia
Source Effectiveness of the One Million Initiative in Mozambique (Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper)
Source Myanmar Water Portal: National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
Source National Sanitation Day (Ghana), Wikipedia
Source Water for Women Fund: The Journey to a Sanitation Milestone in Nepal
Source Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation: Clean Nigeria 6th Anniversary
Source Sanitation Targets Are Off-Track (United Nations in the Philippines)
Source Gates Foundation, Water Sanitation and Hygiene
Source Wikipedia: Sanitation and Water for All
Source splash.org: Splash International timeline
Source Wikipedia: Sulabh InternationalWikipedia contributors
Source Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Swachh Bharat MissionWikipedia contributors
Source Lessons from a Successful National Sanitation Programme: the Case of Nyumba ni Choo in Tanzania (Health Promotion International)Robert Aunger, Kaposo Mwambuli and Jason Cardosi
Source Wikipedia: Toilet Revolution in China
Source Toilet Twinning, Wikipedia
Source World Bank: Results-Based Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Under the National Target Program (Vietnam)
Source menstrualhygieneday.org: About Menstrual Hygiene Day (WASH United)
Source Water and Sanitation Extension Program, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
Source WaterAid - Wikipedia
William Gorgas, Figures

William Gorgas eliminated yellow-fever and malaria mosquito vectors in Havana and the Panama Canal Zone in the early 1900s.

Source World Toilet Day, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: World Toilet Organization
Source OPEC Fund: National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (Zambia)
Source UNICEF Zimbabwe: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Includes

Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Source Wikipedia: Community-led Total Sanitation
Source Encyclopedia Britannica

Fecal sludge management (SubLabel Sanitation Practice) is a core sanitation-system practice.

Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Source United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Official Site
Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Source Wikipedia: Johann Peter Frank
Kamal Kar, Figures
Source Wikipedia: Community-led Total Sanitation
Source Wikipedia: Max von Pettenkofer

Menstrual hygiene management (SubLabel Hygiene Practice) is a core hygiene-and-sanitation practice.

Source Encyclopedia Britannica

Safe household water storage (SubLabel Water Safety Practice) is a core hygiene-and-sanitation (WASH) practice.

Sanitation, Practices

Sanitation (SubLabel Sanitation Practice) is the defining practice of the Hygiene and Sanitation branch.

Source Encyclopedia Britannica
Source Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Sources
1. Encyclopedia Britannica
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
  • Hygiene
    hygiene, the science of preserving health.
  • Includes: Florence Nightingale
  • Includes: Ignaz Semmelweis
  • Includes: Chadwick Sanitary Report
  • Includes: Water Chlorination, Water purification, water treatment
  • Includes: Pasteurization, Pasteurization
  • Includes: Edwin Chadwick
View the Source
2. Wikipedia: Community-led Total Sanitation
Wikipedia
  • Aims and rationale, and Human rights sections
    There have been cases of fines (monetary and non-monetary), withholding of entitlements, public taunting, posting of humiliating pictures, and even violence.
  • Includes: Community-Led Total Sanitation
  • Associated With: Kenya Open Defecation Free Rural Kenya Campaign, Text of the cited page
    Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a participatory approach used primarily in developing countries to improve sanitation and hygiene practices within communities.
  • Includes: Kamal Kar, Lead section
    The concept was developed around 2000 by Kamal Kar for rural areas in Bangladesh.
View the Source
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Official Site
US Centers for Disease Control and PreventionIncludes: Hand HygieneView the Source
World Health Organization Official Site
World Health OrganizationAssociated With: Environmental Health, Environmental health topic
Quote, Associated With: Environmental Health, Environmental health topic
Good health depends on clean air, a stable climate, a preserved natural environment, as well as access to adequate water, sanitation and hygiene.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Swachh Bharat Mission
Wikipedia contributors, Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Swachh Bharat Mission
Effectiveness of the One Million Initiative in Mozambique (Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper)
Tinbergen Institute, 2012Associated With: Mozambique One Million Initiative, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Mozambique One Million Initiative, Page text
The One Million Initiative aims to give one million people in rural Mozambique access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation by constructing new water points and providing sanitation training.
View the Source
Myanmar Water Portal: National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
Associated With: Myanmar National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Myanmar National Strategy for Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, Page text
The purpose of this Strategy is to set out the way to meet the needs of the rural populations for improved domestic water supply services, access to and use of improved sanitation with elimination of open defecation, and improved hygiene behaviour by the Year 2030.
View the Source
OPEC Fund: National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (Zambia)
OPEC Fund for International DevelopmentAssociated With: Zambia National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Zambia National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, Page text
Also planned are programs aimed at the advocacy, sensitization and promotion of sanitation and hygiene education, development of gender responsive training and promotional materials and school WASH programs, among other activities.
View the Source
Lessons from a Successful National Sanitation Programme: the Case of Nyumba ni Choo in Tanzania (Health Promotion International)
Robert Aunger, Kaposo Mwambuli and Jason Cardosi, Health Promotion International (Oxford University Press), 2023Associated With: Tanzania National Sanitation Campaign, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Tanzania National Sanitation Campaign, Page text
‘Improved sanitation’ was taken to mean a facility which has been designed to safely and hygienically separate human excreta from human contact ( https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation ).
View the Source
splash.org: Splash International timeline
splash.orgAssociated With: Splash International, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Splash International, Page text
All profits go toward funding Splash's important work in ensuring kids have access to clean water so they can be happy and healthy.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Johann Peter Frank
WikipediaIncludes: Johann Peter Frank, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Johann Peter Frank, Lead section
was a German medical doctor and hygienist
View the Source
World Bank: Strengthening Sustainable WASH Access and Resilience in Ethiopia
World BankAssociated With: Ethiopia One WASH National Program, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Ethiopia One WASH National Program, Text of the cited page
OWNP aims to improve the health and well-being of both rural and urban populations by expanding access to water supply and sanitation services, while promoting sustainable and equitable hygiene practices.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Sanitation and Water for All
WikipediaAssociated With: Sanitation and Water for All, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Sanitation and Water for All, Text of the cited page
The Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) is a global partnership committed to achieving universal access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
Wikipedia
  • Associated With: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, Text of the cited page
    The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) was a United Nations-hosted organization contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.2 on sanitation and hygiene.
  • Associated With: Global Sanitation Fund, Lead section
    WSSCC's main areas of focus were large-scale sanitation and hygiene behaviour change programmes through the Global Sanitation Fund.
View the Source
Water for Women Fund: The Journey to a Sanitation Milestone in Nepal
Water for Women FundAssociated With: Nepal Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Nepal Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan, Text of the cited page
The journey to a sanitation milestone in Nepal Back to Search On 30 September 2019, the prime minister of Nepal proclaimed the country open defecation free (ODF) in front of national and international WASH stakeholders.
View the Source
Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, Wikipedia
Associated With: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, Text of the cited page
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) is a loose network of organizations who are "working along the same lines towards achieving sustainable sanitation".
View the Source
Water and Sanitation Program, Wikipedia
Associated With: Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership, Text of the cited page
The Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP), formerly the Water and Sanitation Program, is a trust fund administered by the World Bank geared at improving the accessibility and infrastructure of water and sanitation for underdeveloped countries.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Global Handwashing Day
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Global Handwashing Day, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Global Handwashing Day, Text of the cited page
Global Handwashing Day (GHD) is an international hand washing promotion campaign to motivate and mobilize people around the world to improve their hand washing habits.
View the Source
World Toilet Day, Wikipedia
Associated With: World Toilet Day, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: World Toilet Day, Text of the cited page
World Toilet Day (WTD) is an official United Nations international observance day on 19 November to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
View the Source
National Sanitation Day (Ghana), Wikipedia
Associated With: National Sanitation Day (Ghana), Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: National Sanitation Day (Ghana), Text of the cited page
First Saturday of every month is earmarked National Sanitation Day across Ghana.
View the Source
Water and Sanitation Extension Program, Wikipedia
Associated With: Water and Sanitation Extension Program, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Water and Sanitation Extension Program, Text of the cited page
The Water and Sanitation Extension Program (WASEP) is an initiative by the Aga Khan Planning and Building Service, Pakistan to provide clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities to prevent the high incidence of waterborne diseases in disadvantaged communities of Pakistan.
View the Source
Toilet Twinning, Wikipedia
Associated With: Toilet Twinning, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Toilet Twinning, Text of the cited page
Toilet Twinning is an initiative which invites people to "twin" their own toilet with latrines in poor communities (an analogy with the twin towns and sister cities movement).
View the Source
Wikipedia: World Toilet Organization
WikipediaAssociated With: World Toilet Organization, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: World Toilet Organization, Text of the cited page
The World Toilet Organization (WTO) is a global non-profit organization whose goal is to improve toilet and sanitation conditions worldwide.
View the Source
MCD Leading UNICEF Project to Achieve Universal Access to WASH in Madagascar
Associated With: Madagascar National WASH Sector Plan, Text of the cited page
Quote, Associated With: Madagascar National WASH Sector Plan, Text of the cited page
In addition, access to adequate sanitation and hygiene also remains low.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Max von Pettenkofer
WikipediaIncludes: Max von Pettenkofer, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Max von Pettenkofer, Lead section
Pettenkofer's name is most familiar in connection with his work in practical hygiene, as an apostle of good water, fresh air and proper sewage disposal.
View the Source
Ecological Sanitation Research Programme (Wikipedia)
Associated With: Ecological Sanitation Research Programme, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: Ecological Sanitation Research Programme, Lead section
The Ecological Sanitation Research Programme (EcoSanRes) is a research and capacity development program that aims to develop and promote sustainable sanitation in the developing world through capacity development and knowledge management as a contribution to equity, health, poverty alleviation, and improved environmental quality.
View the Source
Menstrual Hygiene Day - Wikipedia
Associated With: Menstrual Hygiene Day, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: Menstrual Hygiene Day, Lead section
Menstrual Hygiene Day (MHD, MH Day in short) is an annual awareness day on May 28 to highlight the importance of good menstrual hygiene management (MHM) at a global level.
View the Source
WaterAid - Wikipedia
Associated With: WaterAid, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: WaterAid, Lead section
WaterAid is an international non-governmental organization, focused on water, sanitation and hygiene.
View the Source
Charity: Water, Wikipedia
Associated With: Charity: Water, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: Charity: Water, Lead section
Charity: water (stylized as charity: water) is a non-profit organization founded in 2006 that provides drinking water to people in developing nations.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Lifewater International
WikipediaAssociated With: Lifewater International, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: Lifewater International, Lead section
Lifewater International is a non-profit Christian water development organization serving the world's rural poor through integrated water, sanitation, and hygiene programs.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Toilet Revolution in China
WikipediaAssociated With: Toilet Revolution in China, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: Toilet Revolution in China, Lead section
The Toilet Revolution (simplified Chinese: 厕所革命; traditional Chinese: 廁所革命; pinyin: Cèsuǒ Gémìng; lit. 'lavatory-place transform-mandate') is a government campaign aimed at improving the sanitary conditions in mainland China.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Sulabh International
Wikipedia contributors, Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Sulabh International, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: Sulabh International, Lead section
Sulabh International is an India-based social service organization that works to promote human rights, environmental sanitation, non-conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education.
View the Source
Gates Foundation, Water Sanitation and Hygiene
Associated With: Reinvent the Toilet Challenge, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Reinvent the Toilet Challenge, Page text
Together with our partners, we have made great strides in this area since we launched the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge in 2011-an initiative to spur the creation of innovative toilet technologies that safely and effectively manage human waste.
View the Source
Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation: Clean Nigeria 6th Anniversary
Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation, NigeriaAssociated With: Nigeria Clean Nigeria Campaign, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Nigeria Clean Nigeria Campaign, Page text
The Federal Government of Nigeria in collaboration with development partners today commemorated the 6th Anniversary of the Clean Nigeria: Use the Toilet Campaign alongside the 2025 World Toilet Day in Abuja.
View the Source
UNICEF Zimbabwe: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
UNICEF ZimbabweAssociated With: Zimbabwe Rural WASH Programme, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Zimbabwe Rural WASH Programme, Page text
UNICEF supports the Government of Zimbabwe to improve access to climate-resilient and sustainable WASH services, with a focus on the most vulnerable populations.
View the Source
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Includes: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Lead section
Quote, Includes: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Lead section
WASH (or WatSan, WaSH; stemming from the first letters of "water, sanitation and hygiene") is a sector in development cooperation, or within local governments, that provides water, sanitation, and hygiene services to communities.
View the Source
water.go.ke: Kenya Water Sanitation and Hygiene Program (K-WASH)
water.go.keAssociated With: Kenya Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (K-WASH) Program, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Kenya Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (K-WASH) Program, Page text
Its objective is to support the Government of Kenya (GoK) to implement part of its Water and Sanitation Sector Program, the National Water and Sanitation Investment Program (NAWASIP), and achieve universal access to Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) under the NAWASIP.
View the Source
World Bank: Results-Based Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Under the National Target Program (Vietnam)
World BankAssociated With: Vietnam National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Vietnam National Target Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Page text
Access to safe water supply and sanitation (WSS) services in rural Vietnam has been a significant challenge.
View the Source
Sanitation Targets Are Off-Track (United Nations in the Philippines)
United Nations in the PhilippinesAssociated With: Philippines Zero Open Defecation Program, Page text
Quote, Associated With: Philippines Zero Open Defecation Program, Page text
Despite this progress, among 1,634 cities and municipalities in the country, only 6% have achieved municipal-wide Zero Open Defecation (ZOD) status (or Grade 1 sanitation certification).
View the Source
menstrualhygieneday.org: About Menstrual Hygiene Day (WASH United)
menstrualhygieneday.orgAssociated With: WASH United, Page text
Quote, Associated With: WASH United, Page text
That’s why WASH United initiated a global day dedicated to menstruation: the Menstrual Hygiene Day (MH Day), on 28 May.
View the Source
Comments (0)
No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.
Reader Challenges (0)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.